[55]Psychometricians generally regard IQ tests as having high statistical reliability. [70][71] A study of Norwegian military conscripts' test records found that IQ scores have been falling for generations born after the year 1975, and that the underlying nature of both initial increasing and subsequent falling trends appears to be environmental rather than genetic. [101][102] It is popularly thought that listening to classical music raises IQ. [176] The maximum level of complexity and difficulty of the problem that the child is capable to solve under some guidance indicates the level of potential development. Several factors can lead to significant cognitive impairment, particularly if they occur during pregnancy and childhood when the brain is growing and the blood–brain barrier is less effective. It is argued that such effects of different opportunities to sharpen arguments through debate in all walks of life, including prejudice towards choice of words shaped by earlier differences in debate opportunities, make different predictions than lab setting only stereotype threat theory and must therefore be tested by different evidence than that theory, and that discrimination in society based on choice of words is a possible explanation of apparent links between IQ test performance and success in society. [27]1.75 million men were tested in total, making the results the first mass-produced written tests of intelligence, though considered dubious and non-usable, for reasons including high variability of test implementation throughout different camps and questions testing for familiarity with American culture rather than intelligence. [174][175] The notion of the zone of proximal development that he introduced in 1933, roughly a year before his death, served as the banner for his proposal to diagnose development as the level of actual development that can be measured by the child's independent problem solving and, at the same time, the level of proximal, or potential development that is measured in the situation of moderately assisted problem solving by the child. [160][161] Robert Sternberg, another significant critic of g as the main measure of human cognitive abilities, argued that reducing the concept of intelligence to the measure of g does not fully account for the different skills and knowledge types that produce success in human society. IQ 1. [124]Some studies claim that IQ only accounts for (explains) a sixth of the variation in income because many studies are based on young adults, many of whom have not yet reached their peak earning capacity, or even their education. Define intelligence quotient. The authors suggest that programs aiming to increase IQ would be most likely to produce long-term IQ gains if they enduringly raised children's drive to seek out cognitively demanding experiences. schulklassenspezifisch sein (v. a. bei Kindern und Jugendlichen) oder spezifisch für Bildungsgrade (beispielsweise Gymnasiasten oder Berufsgruppen) (vergleiche Unterschiede ergeben sich aus der Repräsentativität der Normierungsstichprobe für diese Referenzgruppe (Größe der Stichprobe, Repräsentativität beim Gewinnen der Personen). Several culturally based explanations of the Black/ White IQ differential have been proposed; some are plausible, but so far none has been conclusively supported. Wechsler's ten or more subtests provided this. The abbreviation "IQ" was coined by the psychologist William Stern for the German term Intelligenzquotient, his term for a scoring method for intelligence tests at University of Breslau he advocated in a 1912 book. The Stanford-Binet has also been revised several times and is now similar to the Wechsler in several aspects, but the Wechsler continues to be the most popular test in the United States. These include laws requiring fortification of certain food products and laws establishing safe levels of pollutants (e.g. [9]It has been found that the correlation of IQ scores with school performance depends on the IQ measurement used. [12]IQ scores are used for educational placement, assessment of intellectual disability, and evaluating job applicants. These results were not "confounded by a measure of concentrated disadvantage that captures the effects of race, poverty, and other social disadvantages of the county. For example, Gq and Grw may be seen as measures of school achievement and not IQ. He quickly extended the use of the scale to the public schools (1913), to immigration (Ellis Island, 1914) and to a court of law (1914).

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