We first removed locations that were acquired before individuals were collared and after an individual had died (date of death was determined based on mortality signals) or the collar had malfunctioned (Summary table for the muskox cows collared at Zackenberg in northeast Greenland.
Keep in mind that there were still some grey areas of conflict, such as the case with relationship of the Below is the general consensus of the phylogeny of the ungulate families.Perissodactyls were the dominant group of large terrestrial browsers right through the The artiodactyls were thought to have evolved from a small group of condylarths, Mesonychians were depicted as "wolves on hooves" and were the first major mammalian predators, appearing in the Paleocene.The traditional theory of cetacean evolution was that cetaceans were related to the Ungulates have developed specialized adaptations, especially in the areas of cranial appendages, dentition, and leg morphology including the modification of the Perissodactyls have a mesaxonic foot meaning that the weight is distributed on the third toe on all legs thanks to the plane symmetry of their feet. Landscapes exhibiting wave-like patterns of green-up facilitated surfing and explained the existence of migratory behavior across 61 populations of four ungulate species on two continents (n = 1,696 individuals). Regression estimates and unconditional standard errors (SE) are based on a model averaging procedure using all possible models.

The Nashville Zoo at Grassmere, n.d. 15 Feb. 2010.

See text for further explanation.We then categorized the location data into four classes according to the light regimes during the arctic year (i.e.

This functionality is provided solely for your convenience and is in no way intended to replace human translation. The majority of these mammals have cloven hooves, with two smaller ones known as the dewclaws that were located further up on the leg.

(As ambient temperature, we used records of local temperature (°C) obtained from an automatic climate tower located at Zackenberg, in the centre of the Wollaston Forland region (Explanatory variables used in the generalized additive models.Topographic variables (i.e.
Outside the summer season, muskoxen mostly foraged early and late in the ‘day’, while undertaking more directional movements around noon. slope, aspect, hill shade, elevation and distance to coast) were derived from a digital terrain model (spatial resolution of 30 × 30 m). Web. Ungulates are members of a diverse clade of primarily large mammals with hooves. In summer, declining temperatures resulted in muskoxen moving more slowly and less direct, thus indicating an increase in foraging activities. Nicolas Morellet contributed with constructive comments that greatly improved the manuscript. Contact Hence, muskoxen seemingly avoid thermal stress when exposed to very low winter temperatures by moving faster but apparently while foraging. Panels show the classification of the individual movement trajectories into either migration, dispersal, home range or nomadic movement behaviour. The 100 m threshold was based on the group definition provided by Schmidt et al. Create a new folder below. The total weight of the collar was approximately 1.2 kg, corresponding to less than 1% of the muskox cow body mass (Before release, the cow was weighed using a carrying tarpaulin (Daninject, Børkop) and eight standard luggage scales (Korona, max 50 kg, Hans Dinslage GmbH, Germany). Aarhus University, Denmark, is thanked for providing access to and logistics at Zackenberg. hours of the day and seasonally) and GAMMs provide a suitable framework to model such changes in behaviour because explanatory variables with expected non-linear effects, can be fitted as parametric or non-parametric smoothing terms (Upon filtering, a total of 97 089 locations were available for modelling the movement patterns of the 14 muskox cows during the first year following collar deployment. Your use of this feature and the translations is subject to all use restrictions contained in the Detailed knowledge on movement behaviour of free-ranging muskoxen Animal movements tie together ecosystem processes, and information about animal movements is thus fundamental to our understanding of general ecosystem functioning (In contrast to the other true arctic ungulate, the reindeer This study was conducted at Zackenberg in northeast Greenland (74°28′N, 20°34′W). We expected movement and activity patterns of muskoxen to change non-linearly over time (i.e. To access this item, please sign in to your personal account. An institutional or society member subscription is required to view non-Open Access content.

Cetaceans are also even-toed ungulates although they do not have hooves. Translations are not retained in our system.


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